Boolean (Document Level)
Boolean operators provide basic true or false results. In Concordance, Boolean operators search at the document level. The operators are not case-sensitive.
Boolean Operators |
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Operator |
Description |
Query Example |
Results |
AND |
contains both words |
milk AND coffee |
documents with both the words "milk" and "coffee" |
OR |
contains either word |
milk OR coffee |
documents with either "milk" or "coffee", or both |
NOT |
contains first word, but not second |
milk NOT coffee |
documents with "milk", but not "coffee" |
XOR |
contains either word but not both in the same record |
milk XOR coffee |
documents with "milk" or "coffee", but not both words |
Context (Field Level)
Context operators search at the field level and are combinations of field limiters and qualifiers. Field limiters specify the field(s) to search, and qualifiers allow you to search for multiple terms. Context operators are not case-sensitive. Take care to not put spaces between the periods in the field limiters and the field names.
Context Operators and Qualifiers |
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|---|---|---|
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Query Example |
Results |
.<fieldname>. |
milk.DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in their DOCTITLE field |
..<fieldname>. |
milk..DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in any field other than DOCTITLE |
SAME |
coffee SAME milk.DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in their DOCTITLE field, and also have the term "coffee" in that same field |
SAME |
coffee SAME milk..DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in any field other than DOCTITLE, and also have the term "coffee" in that same field |
NOTSAME |
coffee NOTSAME milk.DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in their DOCTITLE field, and also have the term "coffee" in a field other than DOCTITLE |
NOTSAME |
coffee NOTSAME milk..DOCTITLE. |
documents that have the term "milk" in any field other than DOCTITLE, and also have the term "coffee" in a field different than the field where "milk" is located |
Proximity (Word Level)
Proximity operators search at the word level within a document. These operators allow you to locate a search term within a certain distance of another. The maximum range of words is 255, and it does not include stopwords.
Proximity Operators and Qualifier |
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|---|---|---|
Operator |
Query Example |
Results |
ADJ |
milk ADJ coffee (same as a search for "milk coffee") |
documents that have "milk" and "coffee" immediately next to each other and in the order specified |
NEAR |
milk NEAR coffee |
documents that have "milk" and "coffee" within close range of each other, regardless of order |
<word range> can be a number between 0 and 255 |
milk ADJ5 coffee milk NEAR5 coffee |
documents that have "milk" within 5 words of "coffee", in that order documents that have "milk" within 5 words of "coffee", in any order |
Wildcard (Field and Character Masking)
Wildcard characters help when searching for more complicated strings where misspellings or variations can occur.
As an example, names in documents are also easily misspelled and could be overlooked if apostrophes and initials are combined in records. Using a wildcard as a substitute for a character or series of characters leads to a broader search with stronger results.
Wildcards |
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Query Example |
Results |
Asterisk (*) Can be used at the beginning or end of a search string or fieldname |
*count* |
documents that have the characters "count" within any word, with 0 or more characters before and after "count" includes minimally documents with these words: account, accountant, country, countries, discount |
milk.TEXT0*. |
documents that have the term "milk" in the TEXT01, TEXT02, TEXT03, etc. fields |
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